UNIVERSITY  OF  OREGON  BULLETIN 

New  Series,  Vol.  HI,  No,  3, 

SOME 

BOTANICAL  NOTES 

FROM  THE  y 

BIOLOGICAL  LABORATORY 


ALBERT  R.  SWEETSER,  PROFESSOR  OF  BIOLOGY 
University  of  Oregon.  State  Biologist 


Issued  Bi-Monthly,  Published  by  the  University,  Eugene,  March  1906 

Entered  January  9,  1 904,  at  Eugene/Oregon,  as  Second  Class  Matter,  under  Act  of  Con- 
gress of  July  t'6j  1894. 


SOME 


BOTANICAL  NOTES 

FROM  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  LABORATORY 


ALBERT  R.  SWEETSER,  PROFESSOR  OF  BIOLOGY 
University  of  Oregon.  State  Biologist 


Plate  A. 


3 


Taxonomy  or  the  study  of  the  names  of  plants  onceconstituted  the  major 
part  of  botany.  The  most  of  the  time  was  given  to  the  collection  of 
flowers  and  the  preparation  of  herbaria,  and  only  such  attention  was  given 
to  structure  as  would  be  necessary  for  classification.  This  meant  much 
field  work  and  brought  the  student  close  to  nature  and  in  many  ways  was 
admirable.  But  the  new  botany  tends  more  to  the  study  of  the  plant  as  a 
living  thing,  its  anatomy,  physiology,  distribution,  its  environment,  and 
the  mutual  relation  of  plants  and  animals  in  all  their  parts.  The  ability 
to  recognize  the  flowers  we  find,  is  however,  an  important  part  of  botany 
and  requires  some  knowledge  of  structure.  The  following  notes  suggest 
material  easily  obtainable  which  can  be  used  to  develope  the  essential 
knowledge  of  structure. 

Nothing  of  novelty  is  claimed  for  the  following  outlines,  but  rather  a 
suggestion  as  to  the  handling  of  easily  obtainable  material.  They  may  be 
used  by  the  instructor  in  an  elementarv  course  in  botany  or  by  the  teacher 
in  the  grades  for  a course  in  nature  study. 

The  teacher  with  a little  forethought  may  collect  much  of  this  material 
during  the  summer  vacation  and  press  for  future  use. 

A simple  magnifying  glass  costing  a dollar  will  be  a very  effective  help 
in  plant  stud}’. 

BEAN 

Seed.  This  should  be  soaked  for  a short  time  until  the  coat  can  be 
removed  easily.  Within  will  be  found  the  little  stem  ( caulicle ) 
.two  fleshy  leaves  ( cotyledons ) and  two  true  leaves  {plumule). 
Make  drawings  before  the  removal  of  the  coat,  and  of  the  parts 
within,  carefully  labelling. 

Plantlet.  Study  the  young  plant.  Note  the  straight  root  {simple 
primary .);  the  withering  of  the  cotyledons  due  to  the  removal  of 
the  nourishment  which  they  contain,  by  the  growing  plant; 
the  point  at  which  the  leaves  are  borne  {nodes)] 
the  veining  of  the  first  leaf  {net  veined)] 
the  flat  paat  of  the  leaf  {blade)]  and  the  leaf  stem  {petiole  ). 
Compare  the  subsequent  leaves  with  the  first.  These  are  compound 
leaves  made  up  of  three  leaflets.  Where  the  leaf  is  joined  to  the 
stem  is  a pair  of  growths  {stipules)  ; while  smaller  ones  are  found 
where  the  leaflets  join  the^l'eaf-stem  {stiples). 

Note  also  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  on  the  stem  {opposite). 
Cut  across  the  stem  with  a sharp  knife  or  razor  and  examine  with 
a good  magnifying  glass.  A ring  of  fibers  can  be  seen  toward  the 
outer  edge.  This  is  a so-called  outside-grower  {exogen). 

Make  carefully  labelled  drawings  to  show  these  points. 

CORN 

Seed.  This  also  should  be  soaked  until  the  coat  can  be  removed.  On 
one  side  can  be  seen  the  single  cotyledon  occupying  only  a portion 
of  the  seed  and  surrounded  by  starch,  which  in  the  bean  is  inside 


Plate  B — 1,  Flax  flower.  2,  Longitudinal  section.  3,  Cross  section  of  ovary.  4,  Cross  section  of 
a compound  ovary  with  three  attachments. 


5 


the  cotyledon  and  forms  the  principal  part  of  the  same.  By  re- 
moving the  coat  it  ig  possible  to  show  that  the  cotyledon  is  single. 
Cut  the  seed  lengthwise  in  a plane  parallel  to  the  edge  when  the 
relation  of  the  parts  can  be  clearly  made  out.  Make  drawings  to 
show  these  points. 

Plantlet.  Study  the  leaf  noting  its  veining  {parallel  veined}  com- 
paring it  with  the  bean. 

Cut  across  the  stem,  preferably  a well  developed  stalk,  and  with  a 
magnifying  glass  observe  the  fibers  scattered  all  through  the  struc- 
ture. This  is  a so-called  inside  grower  ( endogen ).  Compare  with 
the  bean.  Roots  are  often  to  be  found  springing  out  from  the  stem 
above  the  first  roots  ( secondary  roots). 

These  are  types  of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  flowering  plants  and 
from  them  the  following  summary  may  be  made  which  is  applicable  to 
most  of  the  members  of  these  divisions. 

Dicotyledons  (bean  the  type)  Two  cotyledons;  leaves  net  veined;  fibers, 
which  at  length  become  rings  of  growth,  on  the  outside. 
Monocotyledons  (corn  the  type)  One  cotyledon;  leaves  parallel  veined; 
fibers,,  not  becoming  definite  rings,  scattered  all  through  the  stem. 

LEAF 

Mode  of  veining  ( venation ) Use  the  leaf  of  the  common  household 
geranium.  This  has  blade,  petiole  and  stipules.  On  holding  to 
the  light  it  is  seen  to  be  net  veined,  but  on  comparing  it  with  one 
of  the  leaflets  of  the  bean  the  plan  of  venation  is  seen  to  differ. 
The  bean  has  a single  mid-vein  with  secondary  veins  springing 
from  it,  (feather  or  pinnately  veined).  The  geranium  has  several 
primary  veins  springing  from  the  same  point,  something  like  the 
fingers  of  the  hand  (palmately  veined). 

Summary  of  Venation . 

Parallel  Veined. 

Net  Veined. 

Pinnately  Net. 

Palmately  Net. 

Arrangement. 

Opposite,  as  in  bean. 

Alternate,  the  usual  method  in  geranium. 

Whorled,  several  leaves  springing  from  the  same  point  as  in  some 
lilies. 

^Shapes. 

Linear,  grasses  and  firs. 

Oblong,  box,  rhododendron. 

Elliptic,  tapering  to  both  ends  from  middle,  alder. 

Lancealate,  widest  below  the  middle,  some  willows. 

Spatula,  below,  like  a spatula,  rounded  above,  long  and  narrow. 


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7 

Ovate,  like  a lengthwise  section  of  a hen’s  egg,  the  broader  end 
downward,  popular. 

There  are  numerous  other  shapes  and  many  are  combinations  of 
two. 

Margins. 

Entire,  when  edge  is  even  line. 

Dentate,  toothed,  Oregon  Grape. 

Serrate,  saw-toothed,  with  teeth  pointing  forward;  leaflets  of  rose. 
Crenate,  scalloped. 

Lobed,  somewhat  deeply  cut  but  not  farther  than  half  way  to  the 
center  and  the  divisions  more  or  less  rounded,  Oak. 

Cleft,  when  extended  half  way  to  the  center  or  more  and  sharp. 
Parted,  divisions  deeper  but  not  quite  reaching  the  center. 
Compound  Leaves. 

When  the  divisions  extend  to  the  middle  they  produce  leaflets  and 
the  leaf  is  compound. 

Study  a Rose  Leaf.  Stipules  are  present  at  the  base  and  the 
petiole  is  continued  as  a main  rib  with  the  leaflets  disposed  on 
each  side.  This  is  called  Pinnalely  Compound. 

Study  a Clover  Leaf  (be  sure  and  get  all  of  it).  Stipules  are 
present  and  a petiole  which  at  its  summit  divides  into  three  parts 
and  then  become  the  ribs  of  the  three  leaflets.  Such  an  arrange- 
ment with  leaflets  radiating  from  a common  point  is  called  Pal- 
mately  Compound. 

FLOWER 

Study  the  Flax  flower  (Plate  B).  All  the  parts  of  the  flower  are  mod- 
ified leaves.  Beginning  from  the  outside  the  first  floral  envelope 
{calyx)  is  composed  of  green  parts  ( sepals ) which  are  distinct  from 
each  other  {polysepalous)  and  are  borne  on  the  top  of  the  flower-stem 
( receptacle ) . 

The  next  envelope  {carolla),  consists  of  parts  ( petals  ) which  are  dis- 
tinct {polypetalous)  and  borne  on  the  receptacle. 

Next  in  order  are  ( stamens ) consisting  of  supporting  portion  {fila- 
ment) with  the  pollen-bearing  part  {anther),  the  top.  At  the  center 
in  the  pistil  having  the  supporting  portions  {styles),  at  the  top  of  the 
style  the  polen-receptive  portion  {stigma) ; and  the  lower  portion 
{ovary)  containing  the  little  eggs  {ovules)  which  are  to  develop  into 
seeds.  All  these  parts  are  seen  to  advantage  in  (Plate  B,  Fig  2.)  A 
cross-section  of  the  ovary  (Plate  B,  Fig  3)  shows  it  to  be  made  up  of 
five  cells  or  fruiting  leaves  {carpels),  with  the  ovules  attachments 
{placenta)  at  the  center.  Such  an  ovary  and  any  made  up  of  more 
than  one  carpel  is  called  compound. 

The  parts  which  are  attached  distinctly  under  the  ovary,  as  are  all  in 
the  flax,  are  called  {hypogynous).  In  this  example  also  the  calyx  being 


Plate  D. — 1,  Cone  of  Douglas  fir.  2,  Fertile  leaf  of  the  cone.  t 


9 


wholly  beneath  and  free  from  the  ovary  it  is  spoken  of  as  [in ferior) 
while  the  ovary  would  be  superior. 

Draw  and  carefully  label  all  these  parts. 

CHERRY  BLOSSOM  (Plate  C) 

Compare  with  flax,  and  make  out  all  the  parts.  The  calyx  is  on 
the  receptacle  beneath  the  ovary  ( inferior ) but  the  sepals  are 
united  ( gamosepalous ) into  a cup  which  carries  the  petals  and 
stamens  on  the  rim  ( peri gy nous). 

The  pistil  has  but  one  style  with  its  stigma,  and  a section  of  the 
ovary  shows  but  one  cell,  with  one  or  two  hanging  ovules.  The 
ovary  would  be  (simple). 

APPLE  BLOSSOM  (Plate  C.) 

Compare  with  flax  and  cherry  and  make  out  the  parts.  The  calyx 
in  its  lower  portion  is  united  to  the  ovary  (calyx  superior,  ovary 
inferior).  The  stamens  and  petals  seem  to  rise  from  the  top  of 
the  ovary.  Section  of  the  ovary  shows  it  to  be  made  up  of  several 
carpels  with  ovules  at  the  center  ( ovary  compound.) 

BUTTERCUP. 

Compare  with  other  flowers.  The  point  to  be  brought  out  is 
presence  of  many  distinct  pistils  each  with  a single  ovule  (Plate  I, 
Fig  3)- 

Make  drawings  to  fix  all  the  foregoing  points. 

Summary. 

Calyx.  Sepals  may  be  distinct  ( polysepalous ). 

Sepals  may  be  united  to  each  other  ( gamosepalous ) . 

May  be  borne  under  the  ovary  and  free  from  it  [inferior) . 
May  be  more  or  less  attached  to  ovary  {superior). 

Corolla.  Petals  may  be  distinct  ( polypetalous) . 

Petals  may  be  united  with  each  other  ( gamopetalous)  Exs. 

Primrose,  Morning  Glory , Madrone. 

Petals  may  be  borne,  beneath  the  ovary  [hypogynous) 

on  calyx  around  the  ovary  ( perigynous ) on  top  of 
ovary  {epi gynous). 

Prist le.  May  be  com  posed  o f one  carpel  or  several  distinct  car- 
pels, ( simple ) Ex.  Buttercup. 

May  be  composed  of  several  carpels  grown  together  ( compound ) 
shown  by  the  number  of  styles  or  by  the  section  of  the  ovary. 
Ex.  Flax,  Apple. 

Floral  Arrangement. 

Solitary.  Either  at  the  end  of  a flower-stem,  or  in  the  angle  be- 
tween a leaf  and  the  stem  (axil). 

Raceme.  Flowers  on  the  sides  of  a flowering-stem  with  small 
leaves  (bracts)  where  they  spring  from  the  stem.  Exs. 

Oregon  Grape,  Currant. 


II 


Catkin  and  Spike.  Raceme  with  crowded  and  stemless  flowers. 
Exs.  Willow,  Alder,  Plantain. 

Corymb.  A cluster  with  flowers  coming  from  different  levels  but 
even  on  top.  Ex.  Pear. 

Umbel.  A cluster  composed  of  numerous  flowers  all  springing 
from  the  same  point.  Ex.  Cherry.  (Plate  C.) 

Head.  Crowded  cluster,  earliest  flowers  at  outside.  Exs. 
Dogwood,  Dandelion. 

Cyme.  Earliest  flower  at  end  of  stem,  subsequent  ones  below.  Ex. 
Buttercup.  (Plate  H.) 


The  Collecting  and  Preserving  of  Plants.  The 
Making  of  an  Herbarium 

From  examination  of  numerous  herbaria  sent  to  the  Exposition  it  was 
evident  that  some  had  missed  the  purpose  of  the  mounted  flower.  In  many 
cases  the  mounting  sheets  were  too  small  so  that  only  a portion  of  the  plant 
was  shown.  The  dried  specimen  should  show  as  much  of  the  history  of  the 
plant  as  possible. 

• All  of  the  plant,  including  the  roots,  should  be  gathered  if  possible. 
A covered  basket  or  other  arrangement  to  prevent  excessive  wilting  should 
be  used.  Many  botanists  use  a long  tin  box  called  a vasculm.  Some  prefer 
to  carry  driers  into  the  field  and  put  the  flowers  into  press  at  once.  A por- 
table press  can  be  made  of  two  thin  cedar  boards  with  stout  leather  straps. 
In  this  way  sufficient  pressure  can  be  obtained  to  kdep  the  plants  in  good 
shape  until  they  are  placed  in  permanent  press. 

The  pressure  does  not  need  to  be  excessive,  two  boards  and  a large 
stone  answer  very  well  for  a press.  A newspaper  page,  folded  across, 
serves  for  the  flower  sheet,  a whole  paper  folded  in  the  same  way  may 
serve  for  a drier.  Better  driers  can  be  made  from  heavy  felt  carpet  lining 
cut  to  the  proper  size.  The  plant  is  to  be  placed  between  the  folds  of  the 
flower  sheet  with  a label  showing  name  of  flower,  locality,  kind  of  soil  and 
date.  One  is  repaid  for  the  time  spent  in  carefully  arranging  the  leaves 
and  parts  of  the  flower  by  the  increased  value  and  beauty  of  the  pressed 
specimen.  In  filling  the  press  first  one  or  more  driers  are  placed  at  the 
bottom,  then  a flower  sheet,  then  another  drier  and  so  on  until  all  the 
specimens  are  taken  care  of.  On  top  place  another  board  and  a stone  or 
other  body  of  considerable  weight.  For  the  first  few  days  the  driers  should 
be  changed  at  least  once  a day.  In  changing  driers  start  a new  pile  with  a 
fresh  drier  then  one  of  the  flower  sheets  and  so  on.  Do  not  remove  the 
flower  from  the  flower  sheet  until  thoroughly  dry.  The  first  driers  may  be 


Platf.  F. — Sisyrinchium  grandiflorum.  [Dong. 


13 

placed  in  the  sun  or  near  artificial  heat  and  be  ready  for  use  at  the  next 
change. 

The  standard  size  of  mounting  sheet  is  16^x11^.  It  may  be  of  heavy 
paper  or  of  cardboard.  The  stiffer  the  mount  the  less  likelihood  of  break- 
ing the  specimen  in  handling.  In  the  University  Herbarium  we  use  a 
cheap  white  cardboard  obtained  from  the  stock  houses  in  Portland.  We 
sacrifice  without  detriment  a quarter  of  an  inch  on  the  width  to  make  an 
economical  cutting  from  the  whole  sheet. 

The  specimen  may  be  affixed  to  the  sheet  by  gluing,  but  this  is  bad  as 
the  glue  sooner  or  later  is  apt  to  discolor  the  plant.  The  better  plan  is  to 
bind  the  specimen  to  the  sheet  with  slender  bands  of  court  plaster. 

The  label  should  show:  i.  the  scientific  name  of  the  plant  i.  e.  the 
genus  and  species;  2.  the  common  names;  3.  the  locality  and  nature 
of  soil  and  environment;  4.  Date;  5.  Collector’s  name. 

Some  prefer  not  to  mount  the  specimens  on  a sheet  but  fold  brown 
paper  the  size  of  a mounting  sheet  and  place  the  dried  plant  with  its  label 
therein.  This  has  the  advantage  of  allowing  the  specimen  to  be  examined 
on  both  sides;  the  disadvantage  that  flowers  are  easily  misplaced  or  broken 
in  handling. 

A few  plants  carefully  studied  out  and  pressed  and  mounted  are  often 
as  valuable  as  great  numbers  hastily  collected  and  poorly  mounted. 

For  the  written  description  of  a plant,  blanks  are  used  and  are  an  aid 
especially  to  teachers  with  large  classes.  But  there  is  a danger  that  the 
pupil  may  fill  out  a large  number  of  these  in  an  automatic  way  not  really 
understanding  what  he  is  about  and  if  given  a flower  without  his  blank 
may  be  unable  to  give  a serviceable  description.  It  seems  better  that  he 
should  work  without  the  blank,  or  if  used  it  should  be  discarded  after  a 
while.  It  is  true  that  spectacular  work  as  to  the  number  of  flowers  analyzed 
may  be  wanting,  but  the  powers  of  observation  and  the  use  of  concise 
English  in  an  accurate  description  will  be  developed  by  this  training,  and 
that  in  our  opinion  is  one  of  the  most  important  objects  of  the  study  of 
botany  and  all  nature. 


Tabular  Index  to  a Few  of  the  Early  Oregon 

Flowers 

Cryptogams  (flowerless)  Includes  alage,  fungi,  mosses,  fern,  etc. 
Phenogams  (flowering). 

I.  Gymnospermas  (naked  seeds).  Includes  pines,  firs,  cedars,  etc., 
and  all  plants  having  the  seeds  lying  exposed  on  the  upper  side  of 
a scale,  which  scales  form  a cone.  (Plate  D.) 


Plate  G. — Corallorhiza  striata  Linal. 


15 


II.  Angiospermas  (covered  seeds).  All  the  plants  having  what  are 
commonly  called  flowers,  the  seeds  being  in  closed  ovaries. 

1.  Monocotyledons  (one  cotyledon).  Endogens,  having  no 

definite  rings  of  growth,  but  bundles  scattered  through  the 
stem.  Leaves  usually  parallel  veined.  Flower  on  plan  of  three. 

A.  Grasses.  No  definite  calyx  or  corolla.  Leaves  linear. 

B.  Definite  Floral  Envelope. 

1)  Floral  envelope  free  from  ovary,  six  stamens,  Lily  Family 

(Liliaceae). 

2)  Floral  envelope  united  to  ovary. 

Three  Stamens  Iris  Family  (Iridaceae). 

One  fertile  Stamen,  flower  irregular,  Orchid  Family 
(Orchidaceae). 

2.  Dicotyledons  (two  cotyledons).  Exogens , having  definite 

rings  of  yearly  growth.  Leaves  net  veined,  flower  usually  on 
the  plan  of  four  or  five. 

A.  Apetalous.  With  one  set  of  floral  leaves,  petals  wanting. 

Here  belong  willow,  alder,  oak,  etc. 

B.  Polypetalous.  Petals  entirely  free  from  each  other. 

1.  Stamens  hypogynous  (beneath  the  ovary).  On  the  recep- 
tacle. 

a.  Ovary  simple. 

1)  Pistils  numerous  and  distinct.  Buttercup  Family 

(Ranunculaceae) . 

2)  Pistil  Single.  Barberry  Family  (Berberidaceae). 

b.  Ovary  compound. 

1)  Ovary  one  celled  ovules  attached  on  wall  at  two  or 
more  places  (lateral  placentaeae). 

(a)  Sepals  two  or  three. 

(1)  Flowers  regular  Poppy  Family  (Papaveraceae). 

(2)  Flowers  irregular  Bleeding  Heart  Family  (Fu- 

mariaceae). 

(b)  Sepals  five,  ovules  attached  at  three  points  on  wall. 

Violet  Family  (ViolaceBe). 

2)  Ovary  one  celled,  ovules  attached  to  axis,  in  center. 

(a)  Sepals  two,  Fleshy  plants.  Portulaca  Family 

(Portulacaceae). 

(b)  Sepals  as  many  as  petals,  not  fleshy.  Pink  Fam- 

ily (Caryophyllaceae). 

3)  Ovary  two  celled,  ovules  on  wall.  Mustard  Family 

(Cruciferae). 


17 

2.  Stamens  on  calyx  (perigynous)  or  on  the  ovary  (epigynous) 

a.  Ovary  simple  and  free  from  calyx  (ovary  superior). 

1)  Flower  irregular,  fruit  a one  celled  pod.  Pea  Family 

(Reguminosae). 

2)  Flower  regular.  Rose  Family.  (Rosaceae). 

b.  Ovary  Compound. 

1)  Flowers  in  umbels,  a single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Pars- 

ley Family  (Umbelliferae). 

2)  Flowers  not  in  umbels. 

(a)  Seeds  two  in  each  cell,  fruit  a fleshy  pome.  Apple 

Family  (Pomaceae). 

(b)  Seeds  usually  numerous,  fruit  not  fleshy.  Saxi- 

frage Family  (Saxifragaceae) 

C.  Gamopetalous,  petals  more  or  less  united  to  each  other. 

1.  Calyx  and  ovary  more  or  less  united  (ovary  inferior). 

a.  Ovary  one  celled,  numerous  flowers  forming  a head. 

Sunflower  Family  (Compositae) . 

b.  Ovary  more  than  one  celled. 

1.  Ovary  with  numerous  ovules.  Harebell  Family 

(Campanulaceae) . 

2.  Ovary  with  few  ovules.  Honeysuckle  Family  (Cap- 

rifoliaceae). 

2.  Calyx  and  ovary  distinct  (ovary  superior). 

a.  Corolla  irregular. 

1.  Ovary  four  lobed,  stem  four  angled.  Mint  Family 
(Rabiatae). 

2)  Ovary  two  celled,  numerous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fig- 
wort  Family  (Scrophulariaceae). 

b.  Corolla  regular. 

1)  Ovary  one  celled. 

(a)  Ovules  on  wall  of  ovary  (parietal  placenta). 

Reaves  opposite.  Gentian  Family  (Gentianaceae). 
Reaves  alternate,  ovary  sometimes  two  celled.  Ba- 
by-eyes Family  (Hydrophyllaceae). 

(b)  Ovules  on  a central  axis  (free-central  placenta) 

Primrose  Family  (Primulaceae). 

2)  Ovary  two  celled. 

Ovules  numerous.  Nightshade  Family  (Solonaceae). 
Ovules  usually  four.  Morning  Glory  Family  (Con- 
volvulaceae). 

3)  Ovary  three  celled,  ovules  attached  at  center.  Phlox 

Family  (Polemoniaceae). 


Plate  J. — Delphinium. 


V 


Plate  K. — Anemone  deltoidea 
Hook. 


21 


4)  Ovary  deeply  four  lobed.  Borage  Family  (Boragi- 

naceae). 

5)  Ovary  cells  as  many  as  the  petals.  Heath  Family 

(Ericaceae). 


Brief  Description  of  a Few  Plants 

LILY  FAMILY 

Parts  of  the  floral  envelope  often  much  alike  and  the  distinction  of 
calyx  and  corolla  sometimes  difficult.  Ovary  three  celled,  stamens 
six  facing  inward. 

1.  Brodiaea.  Wild  Hyacinth  (Plate  E)  flowers  clustered  at  end 

of  stock.  There  are  a number  of  species. 

2.  True  Lilies.  Flowers  on  tall  leafy  stems.  Mountain  Lilies, 

Tiger  Lilies,  etc. 

3.  Fritillaria.  Mission  Bells,  Rice  Root.  Simple  leafy  stem,  bulb 

often  with  grains  like  rice,  flowers  nodding  bell-shaped. 

F.  lanceolota.  Checkered  Lily,  flower  spotted  with  purple; 
common.  (Plate  A) 

F.  recurva.  Scarlet  spotted  with  yellow.  Southern  Oregon. 

4.  Erythronium.  Dog-tooth  Violet.  Leaves  broad  often  mottled, 

generally  two  at  the  base. 

E.  giganteum.  The  common  cream-colored  species.  (Plate 
A). 

E.  hendersoni.  Purple,  bordered  above  with  yellow.  South- 
ern Oregon. 

5.  Calochortus.  Cats  Ear.  Species  numerous. 

6.  Camassia  esculenta,  the  common  Camass.  Blue  sometimes 

white.  (Plate  A). 

7.  Trillium,  Wake  Robin.  Three  leaves  in  a whorl  at  top  of  stem. 

Leaves  net  veined. 

Petals  purple.  T.  petiolatum,  Eastern  Oregon. 

Petals  white,  flower  without  stalk,  leaves  often  spotted. 
R.  chloropetalum. 

Petals  white  chaging  to  rose  and  dark  red,  definite  flower 
stalk.  T.  ovatum.  (Plate  A). 

IRIS  FAMILY 

Floral  envelope  attached  to  ovary.  Stamens  three  facing  outward. 


Plate  L. —Dicentra  formosa  D.  C.  (Bleeding  Heart) 


Plate  M. — Dentaria  tenella  Pursh. 


25 

1.  Iris.  Blue  Flag.  The  three  sepals  larger  than  the  three 

petals. 

2.  Sisyrinchium.  Blue-eyed  Grass.  (Plate  F). 

S.  grandiflorum.  The  large  flowered  form. 

S.  helium.  The  common  form. 

ORCHID  FAMILY 

This  is  a difficult  family. 

Here  belong  the  Calypso,  so  well  known  and  one  of  the  early 
arrivals, 

The  Coral  Root  (Plate  G) 

The  Ladies’  Slipper  and  many  other  beautiful  forms. 
BUTTERCUP  FAMILY 

Parts  of  the  flower  all  separate,  petals  sometimes  wanting.  Sta- 
mens and  pistils  numerous.  Ovary  simple. 

1.  Ranunculus.  Buttercup,  containing  many  species. 

R.  occidentalis  (Plate  H).  This  is  the  common  and  early 
form  of  Western  Oregon. 

R.  glaberrimus,  the  low  early  form  of  Eastern  Oregon. 

R.  bolanderi.  Common  in  wet  places  in  Western  Oregon, 
plant  more  or  less  hairy,  leaves  compound,  petals  pur- 
ple on  the  outside. 

2.  Delphinium.  The  Larkspur.  Flower  irregular,  furnished 

with  a definite  spur  (Plate  J).  A large  genus  and  some- 
what difficult  of  determination.  The  common  low  form 
is  D.  menziesii. 

3.  Anemoe.  Wind  flower. 

A.  deltoidea  (Plate  K). 

In  the  buttercup  family  belong  Clematis,  Columbine,  Aconite,  etc. 
POPPY  FAMILY 

Here  is  found  the  California  Poppy,  Eschscholtzia  californica. 
BLEEDING-HEART  FAMILY 

Dicentra  formosa.  Is  the  common  bleeding-heart  of  the  woods 
(Plate  L). 

VIOLET  FAMILY 

1.  Viola  nuttallii.  Is  the  low  early  form,  the  Johnny  Jump-up. 

2.  V.  glabella.  The  tall  yellow  form  growing  in  moist  places. 

3.  V.  adunca.  The  low  blue  form. 

PORTULACA 

Here  belong  a great  variety  of  fleshy  plants  of  the  genus  Monita 
growing  in  moist  places,  coming  early  and  flowering  till  late, 
sometimes  called  Miner’s  or  Chinese  Lettuce. 


Pl.ate  P. 


Plate  Q. — Nemophila  menziesii.  H.  & 5\. 


29 


MUSTARD  FAMILY 

Petals  four  forming  a cross,  hence  the  name  of  the  family — Cruci- 
ferae.  Stamens  six,  two  shorter,  four  longer.  Fruit  a two  celled 
pod.  A large  family  including  the  Mustard,  Cress,  Radish,  etc. 
Dentaria  tenella.  Pepper-root  (Plate  M)  belongs  here.  This 
is  one  of  the  earliest  flowers.  Sometimes  called  Spring 
Beauty.  This  is  an  excellent  form  with  which  to  begin 
the  study  of  the  flower,  since  it  can  be  so  readily  obtained. 
It  may  used  instead  of  the  flax  flower,  and  the  outline  for 
the  latter  will,  for  the  most  part,  apply  equally  well. 
MALLOW  FAMILY 

More  or  less  showy  flowers,  with  five  petals  joined  to  the  stamens 
which  are  united  into  a tube  enclosing  the  pistils.  The  fruit 
makes  the  “cheeses”  of  the  children. 

Sidalcia  (Plate  N).  Is  a good  type  of  the  mallow.  These  are 
numerous  but  their  distinction  depends  upon  characteris- 
tics which  cannot  be  considered  here. 

SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY 
Herbs  or  shrubs. 

Saxifraga  oregona  (Plate  O).  Is  a good  example  of  the  herbace- 
ous forms;  and 

The  Currant,  Gooseberry  and  Syringa  of  the  shrubs. 
HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY 

Lonicera  cilliosa  (Plate  P,  upper  right  hand  figure)  climbing. 

Corolla  scarlet  without,  yellow  within.  Upper  leaves  perfoliate. 
L.  involucrata.  Shrub,  leaves  never  united.  Corolla  yellow. 
Flowers  in  pairs  surrounded  by  a leafy  involucre.  Fruit 
black,  involucre  becoming  red. 

FIGWORT  FAMILY 

Mimulus  langsdorfii  (Plate  P,  lower  left  hand).  Yellow  with 
brown  or  red  spots  in  the  throat.  Grows  in  wet  places.  There 
are  numerous  other  species. 

BABY-EYES  FAMILY 

Nemophila  menziesii  (Plate  Q).  Very  common  in  the  early  spring 
in  the  pastures. 

PRIMROSE  FAMILY 

Dedecatheon  hendersoni.  The  Birds-bill  (Plate  R).  The  illus- 
tration shows  the  process  of  cross-pollination. 

PHLOX  FAMILY 

Gilia  tenella  (Plate  S).  But  a simple  illustration  of  this  large 
family. 

BORAGE  FAMILY 

Cynogossum  grande  (Plate  P,  lower  right  hand).  A coarse  weed 
flowering  early. 

The  ovary  of  the  borage  much  resembles  the  mint  family  but  the 
corolla  is  generally  regular. 


C irow-bi  //  ( Doclzcdthton  //endzi'SonLLy 
Plate  R. 


